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Current Preservation Strategies: needs and requirement

1.Introduction:

In recent decades, many major libraries and archives have established formal preservation programs for traditional materials which include regular allocation of resources for preservation, preventive measures to arrest deterioration of materials, remedial measures to restore the usability of selected materials, and the incorporation of preservation needs and requirements into overall program planning. Preservationists within the library and archival community have been instrumental in developing an array of tools and methodologies to reduce the decay of traditional materials and to restore books and documents that have deteriorated to such an extent that their longevity and usability are threatened. Provisions for fire protection and adequate environmental controls frequently are incorporated into new library and archival facilities. The success stories and regular use of established preservation methods are found almost exclusively in developed countries, and within developed countries in preservation of print materials in major institutions (Preservation of Archival Materials).Digital preservation raises challenges of a fundamentally different nature which are added to the problems of preserving traditional format materials. By digital preservation,  mean the planning, resource allocation, and application of preservation methods and technologies necessary to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable

2.Preservation Of  material:

 
Which strategies have the libraries, archives, museums and their financial backers developed to protect their digital resources? One of the two objectives of a digital resource preservation system is ensuring an intact and unadulterated digital data stream: i.e. preserving the data content, which makes up the digital objects. This objective can be successfully met if the objects stemming from heterogeneous sources and available on a wide range of storage media can be separated as early as possible from their original carriers and transferred to a homogenous storage system. Those responsible for archiving should preferably set up a functionally autonomous system of several parts, the main task of which is to preserve the digital resource materials. A major part of this system is automated checking mechanisms, which monitor the continual internal transfer of data within the system. The short half-life of technical platforms necessitates a constant change of data carrier generations and migration of data. Permanent preservation of material is not possible if the data material is inseparably linked to a particular data carrier and also to its fate. Technical measures designed to protect usage rights (e.g. copy protection techniques) typically lead to conflict situations in the medium term. In the meantime there is broad agreement that a digital archive can only take responsibility for digital resources, the data material of which they are capable of obtaining. Documentation of the “archiving status” is helpful in creating transparency here.

2.1. The challenges of digital preservation

The purpose of preservation is to ensure protection of information of enduring value for access by present and future generations. Libraries and archives have served as the central institutional focus for preservation, and both types of institutions include preservation as one of their core functions. In recent decades, many major libraries and archives have established formal preservation programs for traditional materials which include regular allocation of resources for preservation, preventive measures to arrest deterioration of materials, remedial measures to restore the usability of selected materials, and the incorporation of preservation needs and requirements into overall program planning.

Digital preservation raises challenges of a fundamentally different nature, which are added to the problems of preserving traditional format materials. By digital preservation, I mean the planning, resource allocation, and application of preservation methods and technologies necessary to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable. I intentionally use the term “continuing” rather than “permanent” value to avoid both the absolutism and the idealism that the term “permanent” implies.

2.2. Preserving usability

“Preservation of material”, however, is only one of the prerequisites for ensuring the availability and usability of digital resources in the future. “Preserving the usability” of digital resources is a significantly more complex task than preserving the data material. If we take the scenario of a “depot system for digital objects” in which data streams are securely saved and are stored in ways, which are impervious to technical changes, we are still faced with a problem. Without further support, we are incapable of interpreting the archived data stream as the technologies necessary for accessing it (operating systems, user programs) are long since defunct. In order to solve this problem, a number of different strategies are being discussed and prototypes being implemented and tested. Conserving system environments in hard and software museums and keeping them available indefinitely is no longer regarded as a serious approach. The use of migration techniques, by contrast, has already been proven for preserving digital data material for simpler data structures or across a generation change of data carrier types. Complex digital objects elude the migration strategy, however, as the effort required for many individual cases is incalculable. For this reason, experiments are being carried out into techniques aimed at effectively emulating “historical” system environments. In Germany a number of different approaches are being pursued, amongst which formalized descriptions of object structures and presentation environments play a prominent role. All of these approaches apply late in the procedure once the digital object, with its variable quality digital preservation characteristics, has already been created. However, some key initiatives are aimed at promoting the use of long-term data formats and open standards right from the stage at which the digital objects are generated. Regardless of which of these strategies is applied, preservation of usability will not necessarily correspond to the original nature of the original object. It will be necessary to concentrate efforts on the core functions of digital resources, i.e. primarily on the factor 

2.3. Infrastructure of digital archives.

The ISO standard “Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)” – describes the infrastructure of a digital archive in the form of a model. The model succeeds in establishing a generally applicable view of the core functions of a digital archive which goes beyond the confines of individual user communities, archives, data centers, and libraries by delimiting and clearly labeling the function modules, interfaces and types of information objects. This represents a valuable basis for the relevant system operators to exploit synergies in commissioning, planning and implementing product systems. The OAIS describes a number of different function modules, which reflect the data flow, and the work processes of the archive: ingestion, metadata management, archival storage, preservation planning, administration and access. The “preservation planning” function module consists in turn of four part systems which are responsible for monitoring the environment conditions of the archive systems, identifying the effects of technical changes as early as possible and providing the basic planning for the long-term preservation of the objects stored in the system. The “monitor designated community” function ensures that current information on the users’ needs is collated via interaction with the world outside the archive system. The information permits ongoing adaptation of the archive system’s access procedure in line with the changing habits of the user world. This includes e.g. preferred data formats, access protocols and general communication via the system’s external interface. The “monitor technology” function facilitates monitoring of the development of digital technologies in the world outside the system. The aim is to identify, at an early stage, developments which could have a harmful impact on the usability of the objects stored in the system. The “develop preservation strategies and standards” function receives the information from the first two modules and converts it into action recommendations to the system administration. Such recommendations can relate e.g. to the application of new standards when accepting publications to the archive. The system administration stipulations are implemented by the “develop packaging designs and migration plans” function. This includes implementing migration and emulation strategies. The information packages, which are exchanged at the interfaces of the individual modules of our archive system, receive instructions on their internal

3.Current Preservation Strategies and Their Limitations.

Most librarians and archivists have accepted the basic wisdom — for now at least — that digital preservation depends upon copying, not on the survival of the physical media. But copying, also referred to as “refreshing” or “migration” is more complex than simply transferring a stream of bits from old to new media or from one generation of systems to the next. Complex and expensive transformations of digital objects often are necessary to preserve digital materials so that they remain authentic representations of the original versions and useful sources for analysis and research.

Probably the most commonly used preservation strategy is to transfer digital information from less stable magnetic and optical media by printing page images on paper or microfilm. It seems ironic that just as libraries and archives are discovering digital conversion as a cost-effective preservation method for certain deteriorating materials, much information that begins its life in electronic form is printed on paper or microfilm for safe, secure long-term storage. Yet, high-quality acid neutral paper can last a century or longer while archival quality microfilm is projected to last 300 years or more. Paper and microfilm have the additional advantage of requiring no special hardware or software for retrieval or viewing. Perhaps this explains why in many digital conversion projects, the digital images serve as a complement to rather than a replacement for the original hard copy materials (Conway, 1994).

Another strategy for digital preservation is to preserve digital information in the simplest possible digital formats in order to minimize the requirements for sophisticated retrieval software. As new media and storage formats were introduced, the data were migrated without any significant change in their logical structure. This approach has the distinct advantage of being universal and easy to implement. It is a cost-effective strategy for preserving digital information in those cases where retaining the content is paramount, but display, indexing, and computational characteristics are not critical. As long as the preservation community lacks more robust and cost-effective migration strategies, printing to paper or film and preserving flat files will remain the methods of last resort for many institutions and for certain formats of digital information.

This approach has the advantage of preserving more of the display, dissemination, and computational characteristics of the original materials, while reducing the large variety of customized transformations that would otherwise be necessary to migrate material to future generations of technology. Although this strategy simplifies migration and may lower digital preservation costs by reducing the amount of customized reformatting needed as technology changes, it does not eliminate the need for regular migration of digital materials. Software and standards both continue to evolve and even repositories with structurally homogeneous holdings can expect to be required to migrate their digital materials periodically.

Migration strategies that involve reformatting of digital materials to a simple standard format usually eliminate the structure of documents and relationships imbedded in databases. Computation capabilities, graphic display, indexing, and other features often are lost, thus limiting future analytical potential. Normalization to standard formats is not always technically feasible and it usually is quite costly.

Archives and libraries must also contend with entirely new forms of electronically enabled discourse and new forms of artistic and cultural expression that do not have predecessors in the analog world. No current preservation method is adequate for preserving dynamic data objects from complex systems. There are no established conceptual models or technical processes for preserving multi-media works, interactive hyper-media, on-line dialogues, or many of the new electronic forms being created today. The archival requirements to preserve content, context, and structure and to maintain the capability to display, link, and manipulate digital objects only heighten their software dependency.

3.1Digital Preservation and Copyright.

If all information in the world was written on clay tablets or carved into marble, its preservation would be greatly simplified. Even paper, when manufactured and stored properly, can have a life measured in hundreds of years. Today, however, much of the information being produced is digital and digital formats are notoriously fragile. Either the media on which the information is stored becomes unreadable, or the hardware and software needed to read the work becomes obsolete. Think of that old 8″ floppy disk in the back of the drawer with your attempt from twenty years ago to write the Great American Novel (in WordStar). The magnetic data might not still be readable; drives that can read the disk are scarce; and few word processing packages today can understand WordStar documents.

To preserve analog information resources, it is often sufficient to house them in a benign environment. In particularly bad cases, it might be necessary to make a microfilm or xerographic copy of the original, but copying is the exception rather than the rule. Digital preservation, however, starts with copying. At a minimum, files need to be copied from obsolete or decaying media, such as 8″ floppy disks or 5 ” floppies, to current storage media. Good preservation practice requires much more, including making multiple copies of files. Digital documents may need to be changed from WordStar to WordPerfect to Word format, or perhaps even converted to PDF or XML format. Every time you use a digital file, you must copy it. When digital documents are displayed in a computer, they are copied from the storage medium into the RAM memory of the computer where it is then displayed. Digital preservation and access is all about copying.

In copyright law, copying is known as “reproduction,” and it’s one of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner. The right to publicly display a work is also an exclusive right of the copyright owner, as is the right to make an adaptation, known as a “derivative work.” Our desire to keep digital information around for the future runs smack into the exclusive rights of the copyright owner.

 

 

3.2.Storage Media.

The limited life of magnetic and optical media pose a significant problem, although this is not the primary limiting factor for digital preservation. Recent research on the longevity of magnetic media indicate a useful life span of 10 to 30 years if they are handled and stored properly. Some optical disk technologies promise life spans of up to 100 years. Most authorities argue that enhanced media longevity is of little value because current media outlast the software and devices needed to retrieve recorded information.

Nevertheless, improvements in the stability, capacity, and longevity of the base storage media are needed to drastically reduce the vulnerability of digital materials to loss and alteration and to lower storage costs. Ample research and experience provide evidence of what can go wrong with magnetic media as a result of binder degradation, magnetic particle instabilities, and substrate deformation (Van Bogart). Optical media are susceptible to damage from high humidity, rapid and extreme temperature fluctuations, and contamination from airborne particulate matter (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). To prevent these problems, it is imperative to store magnetic and optical media under strict environmental controls that are not always available, affordable, or convenient. Even modest improvements which produce storage media with larger per unit storage capacities and greater tolerance to variations in temperature and humidity will lower preservation costs by lessening the need for strict environmental controls, reducing the frequency with which digital media must be “refreshed” through recopying, and decreasing the number of storage units that must be handled.

This raises the question, however, of whether research on incremental improvements in current storage technologies will benefit preservation in the long run or whether we should seek alternative approaches to digital storage that more adequately meet archival requirements. As a frame of reference it is worth remembering that microfilm, which is considered the only acceptable archival storage medium, lasts at least 300 years with minimal maintenance if stored properly. Last June, the Los Alamos National Laboratory announced the invention of a High-Density Read-Only Memory (HD-ROM) technology that uses an ion beam to inscribe information on pins of stainless steel, iridium, or other materials. The HD-ROM is capable of storing 180 times more information than current CD-ROM technology at roughly one-half percent of CD-ROM costs. According to the release about this technology, the HD-ROM is impervious to material degradation and it requires no bit stream interpreter because the technology can describe in human-readable form all of the instructions needed to interpret the data (LANL Ion Beam Storage). Such an approach illustrates the potential for solutions built on entirely new storage technologies.

4.Migration.

Better methods for migration of digital materials to new generations of hardware and software are much needed for digital preservation regardless of breakthroughs in mass storage technologies. Planning for migration is difficult because there is limited experience with the types of migrations needed to maintain access to complex digital objects over extended periods of time. When a custodian assumes responsibility for preserving a digital object it may be difficult to predict when migration will be necessary, how much reformatting will be needed, and how much migration will cost. There are no reliable or comprehensive data on costs associated with migrations, either for specific technologies and formats or for particular collections, and little research underway on methodologies that would reduce the costs and burdens of migration.

The preservation community as a whole would benefit tremendously from the development of backward compatibility paths that would be included as a standard feature of all software. Backward compatibility or migration paths would enable a new generation of software to “read” data from older systems without substantial reformatting and without loss of retrieval, display and computational capabilities. Although backward compatibility is increasingly common within software product lines, migration paths are not commonly provided between competing software products or for products that fail in the marketplace.

Stewards of digital material have a range of options for preserving digital information. One might preserve an exact replica of a digital record with complete display, retrieval, and computational functionality, or a representation of the record with only partial computation capabilities, or a surrogate for the record such as an abstract, summary, or aggregation. Detail or background noise might be dropped out intentionally through successive generations of migration, and custodians might change the format or storage media. Enhancements are technologically possible through clean-up, mark-up, and linkage, or by adding indexing and other features. These technological possibilities in turn impose serious new responsibilities to present digital materials to users in a way that allows them to determine the authenticity of the information and its relationship to the original record. Methods to document changes in digital objects during their life span need to be incorporated as an integral part of improved migration methods.

There are few well-developed methods for preserving and migrating software so that it might be used to recreate digital documents that have the “look and feel” of the original sources. Maintaining repositories of obsolete hardware and software has been discussed periodically, but usually dismissed out of hand as too expensive and not demonstrably feasible. This approach deserves more serious consideration as a strategy for maintaining continuing access to certain types of digital materials. Feasibility studies and cost/benefit analyses should be conducted to determine the technological, economic, and commercial feasibility of maintaining selected legacy software systems and performing specialized migrations or, alternatively, of building and maintaining software emulators. Such an approach would support replay of original sources and contribute to the preservation of software as a significant cultural and intellectual resource in its own right.

 

5. Management Tools.

A fourth area for research is in the development of management tools for digital libraries and archives that integrate descriptive control and maintenance with storage technologies. Dynamic digital objects, such as those found in hypertext systems, pose special management problems for both current and future retrieval and reuse. The boundaries of hypertext sources, like those found on the World Wide Web today, are difficult to ascertain because no single party or institution controls changes in the nodes and links that make hypertext objects live and highly responsive information resources. A high degree of volatility accompanies these objects because the contents of nodes change, the sites where information resources are stored change, and the links between nodes change, move, and vanish. Some recent tools, such as the MOMspider (Multi- Owner Maintenance Spider) and Web: Lookout are capable of traversing a portion of the Web and noting maintenance problems such as broken links, moved documents, modified documents, and objects that have exceeded their expiration dates (Ackerman and Fielding). While tools such as these are useful for current maintenance, they do not address long-term preservation concerns. If further developed to address preservation problems, tools such as these have the potential to serve as filters, identify similar or identical objects, and monitor for maintenance problems.

Research and development of tools that would imbed more intelligence about the preservation status of digital material into the objects themselves would make monitoring and maintenance of large digital collections more automatic. Current methods for monitoring the physical status of digital materials are labor intensive, unreliable, and potentially damaging to the materials themselves. Recommended procedures for monitoring physical deterioration of magnetic tape, for example, involve reading a small sample of tapes periodically to determine whether any data losses have occurred (Eaton). The potential exists to build monitoring and reporting mechanisms into digital objects, storage systems, and network architectures that could support self- reporting of physical status and initiate automatic maintenance procedures.

Despite differences, some lessons from traditional preservation are transferable to the digital environment. In order to avoid commitments that far exceed available resources and costly rescue and restoration efforts, preservation must become an integral part of the planning, design, and resource allocation for digital libraries and archives. Integration of preservation requirements and methods with access and maintenance systems is essential to fully and efficiently support the processes of migration, regeneration, and documentation of the life of digital objects. Planning for preservation must become an integral part of the design and management of digital libraries and archives. If left as an afterthought, there is little reason to believe that long-term preservation of digital information will be any more affordable than preservation of conventional formats has been.

6.Conclusion:

Digital preservation raises challenges of a fundamentally different nature, which are added to the problems of preserving traditional format materials. By digital preservation, I mean the planning, resource allocation, and application of preservation methods and technologies necessary to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable. I intentionally use the term “continuing” rather than “permanent” value to avoid both the absolutism and the idealism that the term “permanent” implies.

7.References.

Ackerman, Mark S. and Roy T. Fielding. (1995). “Collection Maintenance in the Digital Library,” URL: .

Bearman, David and Ken Sochats, (1995). “Metadata Requirements for Evidence,” Draft, maintained on the WWW server for the University of Pittsburgh Project, Functional Requirements for Recordkeeping, URL: .

Conway, Paul. (1994). “Digitizing Preservation.” Library Journal, (February 1, 1994): 42-45.

Conway, Paul. (1990). “Archival Preservation in a Nationwide Context,” American Archivist, 53, No. 2: 204-22.

Eaton, Fynnette L. (1993). “The National Archives and Electronic Records For Preservation,” in Preservation of Electronic Formats: Electronic Formats for Preservation, Janice Mohlhenrich, ed., Ft. Atkinson, WI: Highsmith Press: 41-61.

Giguere, Mark D. (in progress). “Electronic Document Description Standards: A Technical Feasibility of Their Use in the Augmentation of the Microform Preservation of Contextual Cues Embedded in Structured Electronic Documents During Successive Digital/Analog/Digital Reformatting,” dissertation proposal submitted to the School of Information Science and Policy Studies, State University of New York at Albany, (January 5, 1995).

Gould, Constance. (1988). Information Needs in the Humanities: An Assessment, Stanford, CA: The Research Libraries Group.

Graham, Peter S. (1995). “Requirements for the Digital Research Library,” College and University Research Libraries, July 56, No. 4: 331-39.

“LANL Ion Beam Storage Holds 180 Times More Info than CD-ROMS,” Science and Engineering News, June 23, 1995, down loaded from HPCwire and redistributed to .

Lesk, Michael. (1992). Preservation of New Technology: A Report of the Technology Assessment Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C., Commission on Preservation and Access.

Levy, David M. and Catherine C. Marshall. (1995). “Going Digital: A Look at Assumptions Underlying Digital Libraries,” Communications of the ACM, 58, No. 4: 77-84.

Lynch, Clifford. (1994). “The Integrity of Digital Information: Mechanics and Definitional Issues,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45, No. 10: 737-44.

Michelson, Avra and Jeff Rothenberg. (1992). “Scholarly Communications and Information Technology: Exploring the Impact of Changes in the Research Process on Archives,” American Archivist 55, No. 2: 236-315.

O’Toole, James M. (1989). “On the Idea of Permanence,” American Archivist, 52, No. 1: 10-25.

The Preservation of Archival Materials. (1993). Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.

Preserving The Intellectual Heritage: A Report of The Bellagio Conference. (1993). Washington, D.C.: The Commission on Preservation and Access.

Rothenberg, Jeff. (1995). “Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents,” Scientific American, 272 No. 1: 24-29.

Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. (1995). “Preserving Digital Information,” Report of the Task Force, commissioned by the Commission on Preservation and Access and The Research Libraries Group, Version 1.0, August 24, 1995.

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (1994). Digital Imaging and Optical Digital Disk Storage Systems: Long-Term Access Strategies for Federal Agencies. Technical Information Paper No. 12. National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C. URLs: and .

University of the State of New York, State Education Department, State Archives and Records Administration. (1995). Building Partnerships for Electronic Record keeping: The Final Report and Working Papers of the Building Partnerships Project. Albany, NY.

Van Bogart, John W. C. (1995). Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling: A Guide for Libraries and Archives, Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access and the National Media Laboratory.

 

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Towneplace Suites by Marriott Albany $109 Towneplace Suites by Marriott Albany > ALB > 1379 Washington Ave > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This property is located in Albany. Washington Park, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. Towneplace Suites by Marriott Albany has an outdoor pool, a fitness facility, and a pool. This 2.0 star Albany property features a hair salon. Business amenities include a business center, complimentary wireless Internet access, and business services. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional amenities include laundry facilities, a picnic area, and coffee in the lobby. This is a smoke free property (fines may apply for violations). Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. Business friendly amenities include complimentary high speed (wired) Internet access, complimentary wireless Internet access, and desks. All guestrooms provide microwaves and refrigerators. Bathrooms provide hair dryers and bathtubs only. Rollaway beds are available on request. All guestrooms at Towneplace Suites by Marriott Albany are non smoking. Notifications and Fees:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. Pets: US$ 75 per stay>

Hotel Indigo Albany Latham $72 Hotel Indigo Albany Latham > ALB > 254 Old Wolf Road > Latham > NY > 12110>Location. This Latham property is conveniently situated near the airport. Area attractions include Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza and New York State Capitol Building. Features. Hotel Indigo Albany Latham has a steam room and a sauna. Business amenities include a business center, complimentary wireless Internet access, and audio visual equipment. Hotel Indigo Albany Latham has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Room service is available during limited hours. Event facilities include conference rooms. This 3.0 star property provides a complimentary airport shuttle. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include DVD players, cordless phones, and speakerphones. In addition, amenities available on request include wake up calls. Guestrooms have LCD televisions with premium TV channels and pay movies. Business friendly amenities include complimentary high speed (wired) Internet access, complimentary wireless Internet access, and multi line phones. All guestrooms provide desks and ergonomic chairs. All guestrooms provide coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms provide hair dryers and complimentary toiletries. Guestroom services include housekeeping. Rollaway beds are available on request. >The preferred airport for Hotel Indigo Albany Latham is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 2.1 km / 1.3 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Courtyard by Marriott Albany Thruway $158.82 Courtyard by Marriott Albany Thruway > ALB > 1455 Washington Avenue > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This property is located in Albany. Albany Pine Bush Preserve, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. Courtyard Marriott Albany Thru has an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. Business amenities include a business center and complimentary wireless Internet access. Guest parking is complimentary. The staff can arrange dry cleaning/laundry services. Additional amenities include coffee in the lobby, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and air conditioning in public areas. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and minibars. Guestrooms have cable television with pay movies. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. Rollaway beds are available on request. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >

Fairfield Inn by Marriott Albany $94 Fairfield Inn by Marriott Albany > ALB > 1383 Washington Avenue > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This property is located in Albany. Washington Park, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. Fairfield Inn by Marriott Albany has an indoor pool and a spa tub. Business amenities include high speed Internet access and business services. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. The staff can arrange dry cleaning/laundry services. Additional amenities include coffee in the lobby, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and air conditioning in public areas. This is a smoke free property (fines may apply for violations). Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. In addition, amenities available on request include wake up calls. Guestrooms have televisions with premium TV channels and pay movies. Business friendly amenities include desks and complimentary wireless Internet access. All guestrooms provide microwaves. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. Rollaway beds are available on request. All guestrooms at Fairfield Inn by Marriott Albany are non smoking. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >

Super 8 Latham Albany Area $54.3 Super 8 Latham Albany Area > ALB > 681 Troy Schenectady Rd > Latham > NY > 12110>Location. This property is located in Latham. Regional points of interest include Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza and New York State Capitol Building. Features. In addition to a restaurant and a fitness facility, Super 8 Latham Albany Area features complimentary newspapers in the lobby and air conditioning in public areas. Business amenities include wireless Internet access and business services. A Continental breakfast is complimentary to guests. Guest parking is complimentary. The front desk is open 24 hours a day. Guestrooms. >The preferred airport for Super 8 Latham Albany Area is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 3.2 km / 2 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Clarion Hotel of Albany $78.74 Clarion Hotel of Albany > ALB > 3 Watervliet Avenue Ext > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This Albany hotel is conveniently close to the airport, near Washington Park and Albany Institute of History and Art. Also nearby are Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza and New York State Capitol Building. Features. Clarion Hotel of Albany has an outdoor pool, an indoor pool, and a fitness facility. Business amenities at this 2.5 star property include a 24 hour business center, complimentary wireless Internet access, meeting rooms for small groups, and audio visual equipment. Clarion Hotel of Albany has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. A hot and cold buffet breakfast is complimentary to guests. Transportation services at this property include a complimentary airport shuttle available 24 hours and a complimentary area shuttle within 5mi. Other transportation services include a complimentary shopping center shuttle and a train station pick up service. Event space measuring 6500 square feet consists of a ballroom, exhibit space, conference rooms, and banquet facilities. The staff can arrange wedding services, event catering, dry cleaning/laundry services, and express check in. Additional amenities include laundry facilities, multilingual staff, and coffee in the lobby. The property has designated areas for smoking. Guestrooms. Clarion Hotel of Albany has 216 guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with premium cable television channels , HBO, and DVD players. Complimentary wireless and wired high speed Internet access, direct dial phones, complimentary weekday newspapers, and free local calls are available in guestrooms. Beds have Select Comfort mattresses, signature bedding, and down comforters. All guestrooms provide desks and ergonomic chairs. Guestrooms feature kitchenettes with microwaves, refrigerators, and coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms offer shower/tub combinations, hair dryers, and complimentary toiletries. Additional amenities include separate dining areas, climate control, and air conditioning. Guestrooms have city or pool views . In addition, amenities available on request include a turndown service, hypo allergenic bedding, and extra towels/bedding. Housekeeping is offered. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available. Renovation of all guestrooms was completed i

Hampton Inn Albany Wolf Road $98.1 Hampton Inn Albany Wolf Road > ALB > 10 Ulenski Dr > Albany > NY > 12205>Location. This hotel is located in Albany. Washington Park, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. Hampton Inn Albany Wolf Road has an outdoor pool. Business amenities at this 2.5 star property include wireless Internet access and meeting rooms for small groups. A hot and cold buffet breakfast is complimentary to guests. This property provides a complimentary airport shuttle. Event facilities include conference rooms. Additional amenities include laundry facilities, a safe deposit box at the front desk, and complimentary use of a nearby fitness facility. Guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with premium satellite television channels . Guestrooms provide complimentary weekday newspapers, voice mail, and phones with complimentary local calls. Guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms offer handheld showers and hair dryers. Additional amenities include desks, irons/ironing boards, and clock radios. >The preferred airport for Hampton Inn Albany Wolf Road is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 2.5 km / 1.6 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Quality Inn & Suites Albany $79.99 Quality Inn & Suites Albany > ALB > 611 Troy Schenectady Rd > Latham > NY > 12110>Location. This hotel is located in Latham. Regional points of interest include Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza and New York State Capitol Building. Features. Quality Inn & Suites Albany has a fitness facility and a seasonal outdoor pool. Business amenities at this 2.0 star property include a business center, wireless Internet access, and meeting rooms for small groups. Quality Inn & Suites Albany has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Room service is available during limited hours. This property provides a complimentary airport shuttle. Business amenities at this 2.0 star property consist of conference rooms and banquet facilities. The staff can arrange event catering, dry cleaning/laundry services, tour assistance, and express check out. Additional amenities include coffee in the lobby, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and air conditioning in public areas. Guestrooms. Quality Inn & Suites Albany has 120 guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with cable/satellite television channels . Guestrooms provide complimentary weekday newspapers, voice mail, and multi line phones with complimentary local calls. Guestrooms feature microwaves, refrigerators, and coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms offer hair dryers and complimentary toiletries. Additional amenities include air conditioning, desks, and irons/ironing boards. In addition, amenities available on request include wake up calls and housekeeping is offered. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available. >

Hampton Inn & Suites Albany-Downtown $152.15 Hampton Inn & Suites Albany-Downtown > ALB > 25 Chapel St > Albany > NY > 12210>Location. This Albany property is close to Albany Berkshire Ballet, Albany Visitors Center, and Albany City Hall. Also nearby are New York State Capitol Building and Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza. Features. Hampton Inn & Suites Albany Downtown has a health club, a sauna, and a fitness facility. Business amenities include a business center, wireless Internet access, meeting rooms for small groups, and audio visual equipment. Hampton Inn & Suites Albany Downtown has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. A hot and cold buffet breakfast is complimentary to guests. Room service is available during limited hours. Event facilities consist of exhibit space, conference rooms, and banquet facilities. The staff can arrange event catering and dry cleaning/laundry services. Additional amenities include room service during limited hours, laundry facilities, and coffee in the lobby. This is a smoke free property (fines may apply for violations). Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include coffee/tea makers, free local calls, and clock radios. In addition, amenities available on request include hypo allergenic bedding and wake up calls. Guestrooms have cable/satellite television with premium TV channels. Business friendly amenities include multi line phones, desks, and voice mail. Bathrooms feature shower/tub combinations, hair dryers, and complimentary toiletries. Guestroom services include housekeeping. Guestrooms are accessible via exterior corridors. Rollaway beds are available on request. All guestrooms at Hampton Inn & Suites Albany Downtown are non smoking. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >The preferred airport for Hampton Inn & Suites Albany Downtown is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 11.3 km / 7 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Holiday Inn Express Albany Downtown $109.66 Holiday Inn Express Albany Downtown > ALB > 300 Broadway > Albany > NY > 12207>Location. This city center hotel is located in Albany, close to USS Slater and Times Union Center. Also nearby are Hudson River Walkway and New York State Capitol Building. Features. Holiday Inn Express Albany Downtown has an indoor pool, a spa tub, a steam room, a sauna, and a fitness facility. Business amenities at this 2.5 star property include a business center, wireless Internet access, and business services. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. This property provides a complimentary airport shuttle. Event facilities include conference rooms. The staff can arrange dry cleaning/laundry services. Additional amenities include laundry facilities, coffee in the lobby, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Guestrooms. Holiday Inn Express Albany Downtown has 135 guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with premium cable television channels , video game consoles, and pay movies. Guestrooms provide complimentary weekday newspapers, free local calls, and voice mail. Guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms offer hair dryers. Additional amenities include climate control, air conditioning, and irons/ironing boards. In addition, amenities available on request include wake up calls and housekeeping is offered. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available. >The preferred airport for Holiday Inn Express Albany Downtown is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 12.1 km / 7.5 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Hilton Garden Inn Albany SUNY $99 Hilton Garden Inn Albany SUNY > ALB > 1381 Washington Ave > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This property is located in Albany. Washington Park, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. Hilton Garden Inn Albany SUNY has an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. Business amenities include a business center, wireless Internet access, meeting rooms for small groups, and business services. Hilton Garden Inn Albany SUNY has a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café. Room service is available during limited hours. Event facilities consist of a ballroom, conference rooms, and banquet facilities. Guest parking is complimentary. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and televisions. In addition, amenities available on request include hypo allergenic bedding and wake up calls. Guestrooms have cable television with premium TV channels. Business friendly amenities include desks and voice mail. All guestrooms provide microwaves and refrigerators. Bathrooms feature shower/tub combinations, designer toiletries, and hair dryers. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >The preferred airport for Hilton Garden Inn Albany SUNY is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 6.8 km / 4.2 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

Extended Stay America Albany – Capital $84.99 Extended Stay America Albany – Capital > ALB > 1395 Washington Ave > Albany > NY > 12206>Location. This property is located in Albany. Washington Park, Governer Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, and New York State Capitol Building are area attractions. Features. In addition to laundry facilities and air conditioning in public areas, Extended Stay America Albany Capital features business services and a safe deposit box at the front desk. The property offers wireless Internet access. Guest parking is complimentary. The front desk is open during limited hours. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. In addition, amenities available on request include hair dryers and extra towels/bedding. Guestrooms have televisions with premium TV channels. Business friendly amenities include desks, direct dial phones, and voice mail. All guestrooms offer kitchens with microwaves, refrigerators, and cookware/dishes/utensils. Bathrooms provide shower/tub combinations and complimentary toiletries. Guestroom services include housekeeping. Notifications and Fees:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. Pets: US$ 25 per day, maximum US$ 150 per stay>The preferred airport for Extended Stay America Albany Capital is Albany, NY (ALB Albany Intl.) 6.3 km / 3.9 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

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